(upbeat music) - [Narrator] Coming up. - She was the ultimate agitator
and feared because of it. - [Narrator] As racial terror
reigned over the South... - There were close to 200
lynchings in Tennessee alone. - [Narrator] A young
African-American
woman struck back with her pen. - She was writing not just
to inform, but to shame. - She says I'm gonna challenge
you on this thread-bare lie that African-American
men are lynched because they rape white women. - [Narrator] She fled to
Chicago where sh
e emerged as a radical black leader. - [Woman] There was never
a time when Ida B. Wells was not getting pushback,
especially so in Chicago. - [Narrator] And became an
inspiration to a new generation. - Black Lives Matter! - Black Lives Matter is
addressing the same issues that Ida B. Wells took
up in the 1880s and 90s. - [Narrator] Ida B. Wells,
next on Chicago Stories. (instrumental music) (light music) It seemed the entire
world had come to Chicago in the summer of 1893. (light music) Most wer
e so captivated
by what they saw at the World's Fair,
they were oblivious to what was missing. (light music) For one visitor, a 31-year-old
African-American woman from Mississippi, the
omission was glaring. (light music) - The Fair itself was a
monument to extravagance, building after
building constructed
to display to the world how far America had advanced. (instrumental music) - [Narrator] Ida B. Wells had
come to Chicago to point out what the fair's
organizers had ignored. - She was angry
abo
ut the exclusion of the African-American
stories especially the progress that African-Americans had made. - Post-slavery,
African-Americans started doing a lot of phenomenal things. They were elected to Congress. They were elected to
public offices locally. They became doctors
and business people. - [Narrator] But the signs of black culture Ida B.
Wells found at the fair were mostly along the Midway and they represented
stereotypes, not progress. Nancy Green, a 59-year-old
former enslaved woman
proved a crowd favorite
playing the role of a Southern mammy to
promote a new pancake mix. Non-white nations were
presented as savages or even sideshow acts. The slight was all the
more appalling to Ida because she herself was a
testament to the strides made by slavery's survivors. Since her emancipation, she had become a widely
published journalist. - So it's like let's show the
world what a great country we are without showing
any of the contributions of black Americans. - [Narrator] Ida's
fri
end, Frederick Douglass was the notable exception. He was the only black American
in charge of a pavilion, one built by the
nation of Haiti. - The Haitian government are
the ones that invited him. So he wasn't even invited
by the United States. And he was one of the most
famous people in the country at that time. - [Narrator] The irony
didn't escape Ida B. Wells. - [Actor] It seems
strange to me that but for an accident Mr.
Douglass would have had no part in the World's Fair
because of race prej
udice in this country. Yet whenever he went
out into the grounds he was literally
swamped by white persons who wanted to shake his hand. (dramatic music) - [Narrator] And so Ida
stood at the entrance to the Haitian pavilion handing
out copies of a pamphlet. - [Actor] A clear plain
statement of facts concerning the oppression put upon the
colored people in this land of the free and
home of the brave. - It's around 90 pages. It's really like a little book. And Ida is the only woman
represented in
the book. - [Narrator] Wells had
written it with Douglass and two other men. - She's also the one who raised
the majority of the money to have the pamphlet published. So you have these three
men that are willing to sort of be led by a woman so
this to me is her publication. - [Actor] The exhibit of
progress made by a race in 25 years of freedom
against 250 years of slavery would have been the greatest
tribute to the greatness and progressiveness of
American institutions, which could have
been sh
own the world. - [Narrator] The preface
was written in English, French and German. - She was standing in front
of the Haitian pavilion every single day handing out
the pamphlet with the idea that people would go from
this fair all over the world and say, "What the heck is
going on in the United States?" - It was simply savvy strategy
and Ida was a savvy woman. - [Narrator] Ida B. Wells's
battles at the World's Fair were just getting started. But if there was one
thing she had shown in her 31 yea
rs before
coming to Chicago, she never went down
without a fight. (music dies down) (somber music) (somber music)
(birds chirping) - Ida Bell Wells was born
into slavery six months before emancipation in
Holly Springs, Mississippi to James and Lizzie Wells. - James was actually the product of the slave owner going
into slave quarters. So allegedly he did
receive better treatment than other slaves. Lizzie was one of 10 children, all of them were parceled out and sold to different places and she d
idn't see her
siblings after that happened. - [Narrator] When freedom came, Ida and her parents
remained on the estate of their former enslaver and
James continued to work there but now he was
paid for his labor. - It was extreme ambition
during this period. African-Americans were
really committed to moving into the mainstream of American
life as quickly as possible with as many skills
as they could acquire. - [Narrator] James Wells
joined the Board of Trustees of the newly founded
Rust College.
Ida's mother attended school
alongside her eight children until she could read. - James had friends of
his come over to the house and they would
read the newspaper. They asked Ida to read the
newspaper to them because a lot of people
were not literate. (woman reading in background)
- [Daphene] Ida B. Wells doesn't come out of nowhere. - She had parents
who were very excited about their newfound freedom
and she observed her father especially his
political activism. - [Actor] I heard the words Ku
Klux Klan long before I knew what they meant. I knew dimly that it
meant something fearful by the anxious way my mother
walked the floor at night when my father was out
to a political meeting. (dramatic music) - [Narrator] Four years
after emancipation her father got his first
opportunity to vote. Suddenly, James Wells
found himself at odds with his now employer. - He challenged even his
employer who demanded that James Wells vote
on the Democratic ticket and James Wells refused
and then he fou
nd that his former master had
locked him out of the shop where he was working
and James Wells didn't argue with him. He just went to town,
bought a new set of tools and opened up a new trade as a carpenter.
(knocking sound) - There was optimism and
hope as far as every citizen is entitled to, life, liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness. And Ida took that seriously. - [Narrator] But Ida's world
would be turned upside down when she was 16 years old. It was the summer she left home to visit her gra
ndmother's farm. - There was an epidemic
of yellow fever that went throughout the country
particularly in the South. - She knew that people had
fled Holly Springs and assumed that her parents and siblings
were among those people. But then one day
some people came to her grandmother's farm
and handed her a note saying that both of her
parents had died. Ida was 16 years old at the time and against her grandmother and several other
people's advice she decided to get on a train
and go back to Holly
Springs. - [Narrator] She returned to
find that her youngest brother had also died. Well-meaning charity
workers were already there and busy making plans. - There was talk of
how different people were gonna take
different responsibility
for Ida's siblings. And was like, "No, we're
not dividing the family. We don't do that." - [Michelle] She had
grown up hearing stories from her mother
about being separated and sold from her family. - So there was supposedly
a shotgun on the mantle and she got th
e
shotgun and was like, "Look, I'm gonna
take care of family." Like oh, why didn't you say so? (dramatic music) (instrumental music) - [Narrator] 16-year-old
Ida found work as a teacher and took on the
role of breadwinner with the help of
her grandmother. - [Actor] After teaching
a country school all week, I came home Friday afternoon
six miles out from town and spent the time from then until Monday morning washing
clothes, cooking food and preparing things so
they could do without me until the
end of the next week. (train whistling) - [Narrator] Ida's Aunt Fannie
saw the family was struggling and eventually invited
them to live with her. They hopped on a train
bound for the big city. (upbeat music) - She moves to Memphis and
Memphis is the place to be. It's a metropolitan city. It is a transportation center even in the 1800s
for the entire world. She saw it as exciting
as a young woman. We shouldn't be surprised
by this, she was a shopper. She liked to look nice. She often talks about
her
expenses exceeding her income in part because she was
supporting siblings. But the other part too is
that Ida was a clothes horse. She enjoyed shopping downtown. (dramatic music) - [Narrator] Although
Ida had hoped to secure a teaching post in Memphis,
she'd settled at a small school in Woodstock, Tennessee,
a short train ride away. (train roaring) But a fateful ride along
the Chesapeake rail line would carry her on a
much different path. Just weeks after
her 21st birthday, Ida boarded the
morning
train to Woodstock, a first-class ticket in hand. She was dressed in white
gloves and a corset, carrying a parasol. - She was petite. She was well under five
feet and very well-dressed, very obviously very well-spoken. - During Reconstruction
blacks had their rights. So she had ridden on
that car several times over the past couple of years
and was entitled to do it. - [Narrator] She chose
a seat toward the back of the first-class rail car. But minutes later, the trains conductor
brusquel
y informed her that she was seated
in the ladies car, a fact Ida was well aware. The conductor insisted she
move to the smoking car, a lower-class carriage where men could often be found
cussing and gambling - [Actor] As I was
in the ladies' car, I proposed to stay. He tried to drag
me out of the seat but the moment he
caught hold of my arm I fastened my teeth to
the back of his hand. - It took three men
to forcibly remove her from the rail car in which she
put up a fight literal fight. When she
was removed from the
car the passengers cheered. You talk about something
that infuriates someone, that absolutely infuriated her. - [Narrator] Ida struck
back by filing suit against the railroad company. - She sued the Chesapeake
Railroad and won and was awarded $500. - [Narrator] The judge
found the railroad company had violated the law by
forcing Wells to ride in a car that was separate but unequal. But the lower court's
decision would not stand. - The Tennessee Supreme Court essentially att
acked her
personally to say that she was just being disruptive,
that she wasn't a lady as she pretended to be. - [Actor] I have firmly
believed all along that the law was on our side and would,
when we appeal to it, give us justice. I feel shorn belief and
utterly discouraged, and just now, if it were
possible would gather my race in my arms and
fly away with them. - When we think about the
modern Civil Rights Movement and Rosa Parks, she had
the NAACP behind her. In 1884 it's just Ida B.
Wells
and her attorney. (upbeat music) - [Narrator] Ida B. Wells
was starting to make a name for herself. She took a teaching
job in Memphis and joined a Lyceum
founded by black teachers. - It was a community of
sort of thinkers and artists and she actually took
elocution classes which is speaking classes and
in her diary she writes about how she was kind of like
trying to scrape up the money to pay for her next lesson
and, so you wonder like what in the world was she
preparing herself for? But she wa
s honing her skills. - [Narrator] Each program
ended with a reading from The Evening Star, a
gossip filled newspaper, which Ida called
a spicy journal. She was shocked when asked
to start writing for it. (music dies down) As Ida. B Wells first
put pen to paper, she found writing to be
nothing short of a revelation. - She felt like she
could sort of explore more of who she was
and express who she was through writing more than
she ever could in teaching. - [Actor] I wrote in a plain
common-sense w
ay on the things which concerned our people. Knowing that their
education was limited, I never used a word
of two syllables where one would
serve the purpose. I signed these articles, Iola. - When Ida B. Wells
first starts writing she was writing about the
things that one would expect a woman who's writing for a
church publication to write for. But that started to
change pretty early on. As a schoolteacher, Ida starts
to document the segregation in the schools and how the
black schools were not
getting the same resources and the
educational inequities. - She wrote an article in 1889 about the Memphis school
system which is unfortunate because the article could
be literally printed today and you wouldn't
know the difference. - [Narrator] She railed
against her fellow educators. - [Actor] Some of these
teachers had little to recommend them save
an illicit relationship with members of
the school board. - You have to think
about the type of person who will start writing
editorials and news
articles about their own employer but
that's what she was doing. - She did not get
fired immediately. When the next
school year came up, they didn't renew her contract. (women humming)
- [Narrator] While teaching had served a practical purpose, writing was now
Ida's true passion. She bought a partnership in the
most radical black newspaper in Memphis, the Free
Speech and Headlight and became its editor.
(women humming) The paper's circulation tripled. - What's unique
about that moment is not on
ly is she
African-American at this time but she's also a woman and being a woman
in Victorian America where she is essentially
playing the role of what was then
considered what men do. - [Narrator] Ida B.
Wells was ascending at a precarious moment. As she and other newly
emancipated African-Americans made waves, white supremacist
fervor flooded the South. - We kind of gloss over this
period as if once the South is beaten in the Civil War that all of a sudden white
southerners just acquiesce to t
he people whom they had
enslaved now coming into power, serving in political office. That is not the case. Black freedom, black political
power was always contested and so all across the South
we saw black men, women and children being lynched. It wasn't a secret. It wasn't considered shameful. Newspapers would
advertise that a lynching was going to occur
to give these crowds a chance to come and watch. (music dies down) (dramatic music) - [Narrator] One such murder
would change the course of Id
a's life. She was spending the week
in Natchez, Mississippi on newspaper business when
word came that three men had been lynched in Memphis. Calvin McDowell, Will
Stewart and Thomas Moss. Moss was like a brother to Ida. - Thomas Moss and Moss's wife were essentially her best
friends here in Memphis. - She was so close to
Thomas Moss, Tommy. She was godmother to his child. - [Actor] Everybody in
town knew and loved Tommy, an exemplary young man. He and his wife Betty were the
best friends I had i
n town. - [Narrator] Three years
before their murders, Moss and his friends had
opened a store called the People's Grocery. - The People's Grocery was
located in South Memphis in an area that at the
time was called the Curve. - The Curve was a
predominantly black community and so you have
these three black men that decide they're going
to open up a grocery store in their own community. - [Narrator] But their
new grocery put them in direct competition
with William Barrett, a white store owner mak
ing
money off the black community. - William Barrett was infuriated like how can these people
take business away from him? - [Narrator] What started
as an innocent game of marbles outside the
People's Grocery grew heated. - And the interesting part is
this was an integrated game of marbles with white children,
white boys and black boys. There was a fight and
eventually adults joined into the skirmish.
(people yelling) - [Narrator] The white
store owner was injured. He convinced the County
sherif
f to deputize him and gathered a posse. - [Daphene] They
came late at night, this group of white men
(fire cracking) the People's Grocery owners,
including Thomas Moss. They knew that they were coming. They had gotten word. - So they were prepared for
this and they armed themselves and they were in the
store when they got there. And there was a fight. - [Narrator] Several white
deputies were wounded. - The headlines talk about
rounding up every Negro that was involved. - [Narrator] Ida's friend
Thomas Moss was arrested with Will Stewart
and Calvin McDowell and held at the
Shelby County Jail. - But then a lynch mob decided that they were going to
exact their own justice. And so they went to
the jail and took them to a sort of a rail yard north
of there and killed them. (dramatic music) Shot them, beat them,
just lynched them. (dramatic music) - I do think that we
should take a second and really explicate
what that word means. Lynching was not simply tying
a rope around someone's neck an
d hanging them though that
is brutal and inhumane enough. Lynching was designed
directly to send a message to the larger black population. In the South, in many
places black people were in the majority. So how does a white
minority that has lost power and wants to gain that power
back do that when they are in the minority, it
was through terrorism. - [Narrator] Lynching
had become a common and accepted punishment
for black men who had allegedly
raped white women. But now Ida B. Wells
who'd grown
accustomed to the brutality of Southern
justice began to wonder. - [Actor] Like many another
person who had read of lynching in the South, I had
accepted the idea meant to be conveyed, that although
lynching was irregular and contrary to law and order, unreasoning anger over
the terrible crime of rape led to the
lynching; that perhaps the brute deserved death anyhow and the mob was justified
in taking his life. - After Thomas Moss, who
really was lynched because he was competing with
a white bu
siness owner something clicks in Ida,
a vengeful spirit I think. And she decides that
she's going to focus on the lie of lynching really
for the rest of her career. - [Narrator] Ida set out
in search of the truth. Notebook in hand, she traveled across the South
interviewing eyewitnesses. - There was no grasp of
exactly how many black people were being lynched. She would find where lynches
were occurring by looking through white newspapers. And she began to keep
basically spreadsheets. - [Narrato
r] Of the 728
murders she investigated, Wells found that only
a third of the victims had actually been
accused of crimes. She sat down to pen a
blistering editorial - [Actor] Eight Negroes lynched since the last issue
of Free Speech. Three were charged with
killing white men and five with raping white women. Nobody in this section believes
the old thread-bare lie that Negro men
assault white women. - Her writing was used to
create a sense of outrage and every word was
chosen for that manner. Her
writing had
this simmering rage. She was writing not just
to inform, but to shame. - [Actor] If Southern
white men are not careful, they will overreach themselves and a conclusion will be reached which will be very damaging
to the moral reputation of their women. - [Narrator] Within days,
Edward Ward Carmack, Editor of the Memphis
Commercial Appeal reprinted Ida's editorial. - And she got the attention
of the white community and certainly the white press. - [Narrator] Unaware
that the author of
the editorial was a woman,
Carmack called on the men of Memphis to avenge the honor
of Southern ladies quote, "The black wretch who
had written that foul lie should be tied to a stake
at the corner of Main and Madison streets, a pair
of tailor's shears used on him and he should then
be burned at a stake. - The white community
of Memphis was outraged. - [Narrator] A mob of
angry whites converged on the offices of the Free
Speech on Beale Street. Finding the newspaper deserted, they demolished th
e presses
and destroyed the offices. But by then, Ida B. Wells
had already fled Memphis. (music dies down) (light music) By the time Ida arrived in
Chicago for the World's Fair, she has been traveling
more than a year. - She had lost
everything at age 30, not only her physical property
and her printing press but also her friends
which is no small thing. - [Actor] Having lost my paper,
had a price put on my life and been made an exile from
home for hinting at the truth, I felt that I owed it to m
yself and to my race to
tell the whole truth now that I was where
I could do so freely. - [Narrator] Ida B. Wells
circulated 10,000 copies of "The Reason Why the
Colored American is not in the World's
Colombian Exposition." Her plea for inclusion
was largely ignored. Though the fair's organizers
made one token concession. August 25th was designated
Colored American Day. Frederick Douglass
arranged the program but Ida refused to even attend. - [Actor] We resented
this sop to our pride in this bel
ated way, and we thought Mr. Douglass
ought not to have accepted. I was among those who differed
with our grand old man. - [Narrator] But Ida
had another mission at the World's Fair. With the eyes of the
world on Chicago, she would use the international
stage to expose the terror of lynching. - She was probably
more looking at it as an amazing opportunity
to get the message out and hit thousands of
people all at the same time from all over the world. - [Narrator] Her message
was growing more mil
itant. Sharpened through her
internationally published works, Southern Horrors
and A Red Record. She pulled no punches in
describing how armed blacks had beaten back lynch mobs. - [Actor] The
lesson this teaches and which every Afro-American
should ponder well is that a Winchester
rifle should have a place of honor in every black home and it should be used
for that protection which the law refuses to give. - I would call Ida
B. Wells someone who was very comfortable
hanging out in the left, whic
h was not very comfortable
for people who were sort of straddling the
middle or to the right. - [Narrator] At the close
of the World's Fair, Ida B. Wells set
out to find allies for her anti-lynching campaign. For a year she
crossed the globe. - Her motivating factor
was to inform the world about how this country was
treating its own citizens. (dramatic music) - If you're gonna go to
the root of the problem you've got to find
support among the whites so she was very good at building
allies and ve
ry strategic. (upbeat music) - [Narrator] By the time Ida
returned to Chicago in 1895, she had been a refugee from
the South for three years. Despite her many successes,
she was financially strained and weary in need of an anchor. She found just that
in Ferdinand Barnett. - He was 10 years older than
Ida when they got married so that would have made him 43. - Ferdinand was a widower. He liked strong black women. He met Ida and he was like, "Yeah, we're gonna need
to get married." (laughs) - His
first contact
with Ida B. Wells is because she needs a lawyer. Frederick Douglass
recommends Ferdinand Barnett. - [Narrator] Barnett was the
third African-American lawyer admitted to the Illinois Bar and the owner of Chicago's
first black newspaper, The Conservator. Their wedding was announced
in black newspapers nationwide and in a highly unusual
move, in The New York Times. - This was the same newspaper
that a few years earlier had called Ida, a slanderous
and nasty-minded Mulattress because o
f her writing
about lynchings. And now her wedding
announcement occurs in that very same paper,
The New York Times, the paper of record. - [Narrator] Wells took
the hyphenated name, Ida B. Wells-Barnett. And she also took over
Ferdinand's newspaper. - [Actor] Having always been
busy at some work of my own, I decided to continue
work as a journalist for this was my first and
might be said, my only love. - [Narrator] The
Conservator's circulation of about a thousand readers
represented a healthy c
hunk of Chicago's roughly
6,000 African-Americans. But the city's black
population was growing. - Ida B. Wells and two
dozen more arrive in Chicago in the 1890s and thus put
themselves in a position to be the institution
builders of Black Chicago. - [Narrator] Ida and
Ferdinand lived alongside most of the city's African-Americans
in a narrow strip of South side land
known as the Black Belt. Its boundaries were often
enforced by violence. - [Charles] If you go
West of State Street, you're in the
stockyards community, a largely Irish community and you're likely to
get beaten or killed. You're not gonna
move too far East because middle-class
whites don't want you there and they certainly don't
want you on the lakefront. So, it's about four blocks wide but it keeps moving southward. This will be the hub of the
African-American community. And what's important here is that it is entirely
self sufficient. African-Americans
find employment within their own community. African-Americans build
bu
sinesses, newspapers, a political leadership. African-Americans are virtually
institutionally complete within these southward
migrating communities which came to be called
Black Metropolis. - [Narrator] Ida took delight in the community's
cultural riches. There were churches,
Olivet Baptist, Bethel AME and Quinn Chapel AME. And there were black
social organizations. Ida B. Wells-Barnett took
her place among the Cream of the 400, a social registry
of Chicago's black elite. - [Charles] Ida B. Well
s
and Ferdinand Barnett were the political power couple, certainly in the
African-American
community in Chicago. - [Narrator] The couple gave
birth to their first child, Charles in 1896. Ferdinand hired a nurse
so Ida could return to the lecture circuit
with their newborn baby. - Ferdinand was attracted
to the fact that she was out there doing
things and he provided the support for her to
continue doing that. - [Actor] I honestly believe
that I am the only woman in the United States whoever
trav
eled throughout the country with a nursing baby to
make political speeches. - [Narrator] The following
year Ida gave birth to Herman, then Ida Jr and finally
Alfreda in quick succession. - This is a woman who was
quite aware of the sacrifices she was making as a mother and
the sacrifices her children had to make because she
was often on the road. - [Narrator] While Ida B.
Wells-Barnett continued to shine a light on
injustice through journalism, she also started
looking to politics as an agent fo
r change. In this new arena, she
faced the same obstacle as every other American
woman, she could not vote. So instead, women like Wells
made their voices heard through women's clubs. - These were enormously popular and also beginning to be very
influential and powerful. They were really the means
by which women could have some influence in society. - [Narrator] Ida helped found
the League of Colored Women. Her supporters even created
an Ida B. Wells Club. - The women's clubs
were an opportunity
for women to pursue
some self-education. And then they began
to move from there into improving
education for children, beginning kindergartens,
beginning libraries and ultimately to
lobby government about getting the right to vote. - [Narrator] As Ida
B. Wells-Barnett
found opportunities in Chicago's civic life, she now started urging
Southern blacks to flee North as she had. - Literally she'd tell people
in the South like, Look, come North. It's not perfect. I'm telling you it's not perfect bu
t it's way better than
what you're experiencing. And so people would come. - [Narrator] Because
the new migrants had only one
neighborhood to choose, the Black Belt was swelling. The beating heart of the
Black Belt was now a strip of South State Street
known as The Stroll. This was where the
action took place. - There were juke
joints, restaurants, hidden gambling dens, and people constantly
walking or promenading from about 2700 South
down to about 3500 South. And so people could prominently
sh
ow off their clothes, their gait, you didn't
walk you strutted. (jazz music) - [Narrator] But cracks were
forming in the Black Belt. As new migrants met up against
the forces of segregation, housing became
scarce and crowded. The Barnetts refused
to be contained. They moved to a new home
at 3234 Rhodes Avenue, making them one of the
first black families to move East of State Street. Ida B. Wells was known to
keep a gun in the house for protection. - It's a political
statement that they're gonna
live
anywhere they can. People like Ida B. Wells
were committed to the idea that segregation in
any form was a insult to African-Americans. - [Narrator] The Southern
migrants still stuck in the Black Belt were
often viewed as outsiders in their own community. Hordes of "ignorant
and dissolute," said one white reformer to
describe the Southern Blacks who quote, "lowered the standard
of the colored population in our midst." To distance themselves
from such insult, longtime Black Chicagoans
formed
a society limited to those who could prove
their families had lived in the city at least 30 years. They called themselves
the Old Settlers Club. - [Charles] Many of the old
settlers are successful largely because of relations
they've established with wealthy whites. These African-Americans find
the new African-Americans as a threat to their leadership. They're not as polished,
they're not as mannered. As somebody once told me, the problem is they didn't
work for white people. - [Narrator] Ida B.
Wells
would make it clear which side of this social divide
she stood on in 1906. She had been elected to
organize a charity ball for the Frederick Douglass
Center built in memory of her old friend
who had passed. The previous year's gala had been held at the prestigious
Masonic Temple downtown, but Ida instead set her sights
on the boisterous Stroll and a rich South side hustler
named Robert T. Motts. - Now, Robert T. Motts was a
gambler, a fairly shady person, but Robert Motts went to Paris, d
iscovered Parisian
entertainment, decided that his community
needed something like that. A place where African-Americans
could put on plays, write comedies, enjoy
African-American music. - [Narrator] Motts
already had the location, a disreputable saloon in
the heart of the Stroll. - Robert T. Motts, however
he gained his money, was rich. And so he had the money
to invest in something that he could be proud of. - [Narrator] Motts Pekin
Theater was his chance to turn over a new leaf. When he gave
Ida
B. Wells a tour, she saw the makings of a
first class establishment. - The place was beautiful. She thought it provided class
because it moved him away from selling booze. She liked the idea that
it provided an opportunity to see African-American
artistic excellence. - [Actor] I felt that
the race owed Mr. Motts a debt of gratitude for
giving us a theater in which we could sit anywhere we chose
without any restrictions. - [Narrator] When Ida announced
her event will be held at the Pekin, man
y in black
high society were outraged. Citing Motts' reputation, the
Chicago Daily News refused to even print the announcement. But the loudest assault came
from the neighborhood churches - African-American ministers, spearheaded by Archibald
Carey Sr. campaigned against holding an event for the
African-American elite in a place like the
new Pekin Theater. He gave sermons about it. Not only at his own
church, he gave sermons at other churches. Ida B. Wells hated hypocrisy. She had been a member
of
Bethel AME and she remembers when a former pastor
had been guilty of inappropriate relations with
members of his congregation and had been expelled
only to be brought back with the support of people
like Archibald Carey. - [Narrator] Ida moved
ahead with her charity ball and despite threats of a
boycott, it raised $500. - [Charles] It was
eminently successful. It cemented a friendship
between Robert T. Motts and Ida B. Wells
until his death. - The Pekin was the first
black-owned theater in Ch
icago. It would give the city
some of its first tastes of ragtime making way for
other jazz clubs on the Stroll where the likes of
Louis Armstrong and
Cab Calloway played. And Ida B. Wells
had supported it despite the objections of
African-American leaders. - She challenged
the black elite. She would challenge the
black political organization. She challenged white
leadership but, she was willing to step on toes because she had
a larger purpose. - [Narrator] The black
migration from the South tha
t exposed fault
lines in Chicago was also ratcheting up
tensions across America. In 1908 the nation saw
more than 80 lynchings in every corner of the country. - It happens in the Northeast. We hear a lot less
about lynchings but of course wherever
black people go, lynching follows as a
tool of social control. - [Narrator] A lynching
in Springfield, Illinois that summer would once
again change the course of Ida B. Wells's career. (dramatic music) In Abraham Lincoln's hometown,
two black men were
jailed. One accused of
murdering a white man, the other falsely charged with
the rape of a white woman. A lynch mob of roughly
5,000 whites assembled. They stormed the East side
(people yelling) of the city where blacks
lived lynching innocent men and burning the
neighborhood to cinders. (dramatic music)
(fire cracking) At least seven
people were killed before the Illinois Guard
brought the riot under control. - [Actor] I had such
a feeling of impotency through the whole matter which seemed to b
e
becoming as bad in Illinois as it had hitherto
been in Georgia. - [Narrator] The following
Sunday, Wells was hosting her weekly Bible
study for young men when the conversation turned to the horrific
events in Springfield. - The young people she was
meeting with were so appalled by the violence that took place. The nature of those meetings
goes from being more about their faith and more and
more about what they can do about racial oppression. - [Narrator] They continue
to meet every Sunday call
ing themselves the
Negro Fellowship League and the group turned its
attention to the needs of black men who had
come North in search of opportunity only to lose
their way on the Stroll. - The Stroll could have a
negative effect on the life of a young male migrant
because beyond the cigar shop along State Street, beyond the outer doors
in the back was a place where you could gamble. - [Narrator] Ida's friend,
Jane Addams had been concerned with the plight of
immigrant women and children and she h
ad created Hull
House to serve them. But there was nowhere for
young African-American men to turn for help. They weren't welcome at
institutions like the YMCA. - [Actor] All other
races in the city are welcomed into settlements. YMCAs, YWCAs, gymnasiums and
every other movement for uplift if only their skins are white. Only one social center
welcomes the Negro and that is the saloon. - Being from the South she knew what kind of conditions
people were coming from. I think she felt like
she could
relate to them on a personal level. Her dream was to create
sort of the black Hull House if you wanna call it that. - [Narrator] Ida B. Wells
unexpectedly found a sponsor for her vision at a
Palmer House luncheon. Jessie Lawson was the
wife of the wealthy editor of the Chicago Daily News. - The Lawsons who were
donors to the YMCA were unaware that it was not
serving blacks in Chicago. - [Narrator] Ida told Jessie
Lawson about her dreams for the Negro Fellowship League and they set out
to find a
location. - That location in
her mind had to be in the midst of where
the greatest need lay. And that was along State Street at the North end of the Stroll. - [Narrator] Ida B.
Wells-Barnett opened the Negro Fellowship
League on a warm Sunday with a program for
the neighborhood. As the room filled, they
left the back door open to let in the breeze.
(people chattering) But before long, the
program was interrupted by the boisterous sounds of a
group of drunken men outside shooting dice with
a pail
of beer. - [Man] Put the
money in the hat. (men exclaim) - [Narrator] Rather
than call the police, Wells set out to invite them
to the next Sunday meeting. - And so when she goes into
the alley to talk to those men who are drinking
and playing dice, she doesn't have
any airs about her. - [Narrator] Wells
recalled their surprise when she extended
her white-gloved hand to shake on their
promise to return. - [Actor] They all said
they didn't want to dirty my white gloves by shaking
hands but reite
rated that they would go away and also repeated their
promise to come next Sunday. - There were black people
who were from "Upper class" who wouldn't even
come visit the center because it was in
a location that they didn't feel
comfortable visiting. My great-grandparents
were unique. They were both educated
but at the same time they were willing to go
into the hood. (chuckles) - [Narrator] Ida had built
a beacon on the Stroll, a place where men could find
jobs, housing, legal help and moral upli
ftment. - I think she felt a
tremendous responsibility. She's telling black
folks leave the South and yet she's seeing people
come and they are suffering and no one is
looking out for them not even other black Chicagoans. (dramatic music) - [Narrator] But Ida B.
Wells would feel the impact of that awful Springfield
riot in another way. In the riots wake Ida and
other activists received an invitation from
Oswald Garrison Villard, grandson of the abolitionist
William Lloyd Garrison. His letter, kn
own as "The
Call" proposed a conference to discuss present evils. (train whistling) The following spring,
luminaries like W.E.B. Du Bois and Jane Addams
gathered in New York. On the first day
of the conference, Ida B. Wells-Barnett
delivered a forceful speech on her 20 years of
lynching research. - This is what Ida B.
Wells was doing around the issue of lynching. She takes lynching
from a fringe issue that no one really black
or white will touch and she turns it
into a central issue. - [Narrator
] At the
close of the conference, the activists agreed to
start a new organization. It would become known as
the National Association for the Advancement
of Colored People. Although Ida was
initially chosen to be on the NAACP's
founding committee, at the last minute Du
Bois substituted her name. - My guess is that people like
W.E.B. Du Bois were sexist. And I think we
have to call that. He did not promote easily African-American
female leadership. Secondly, the
leadership of the NAACP from the b
eginning
largely addressed to the African-American
middle-class and to the African-American
upper middle class. - [Narrator] But Ida
B. Wells campaigns had become increasingly
geared toward the poorest of the poor. And despite her impassioned
speech about lynching, the NAACP was not ready
to confront the crisis she'd dedicated her career to. - The NAACP, which Ida
helped co-found even though she doesn't often get
the name recognition and credit for that didn't
want to touch that issue. - It was
something about
the ideas that Ida had about for example, lynching having
its base in sexual relations. It was their thought
that this was a no-no. This in fact was something
blacks like Du Bois wouldn't approach because
he knew that white people would be offended
by this discussion. - [Narrator] Ida B. Wells, now
50 years removed from slavery still did not have
the power to vote. But she had joined Illinois
women in a partial victory. - In June of 1913, women
in Illinois can vote in the preside
ntial election and they can vote in
local municipal elections but they cannot vote
for example for governor or for Senator. - [Narrator] Encouraged,
Ida B. Wells took up the suffrage cause
with new fervor. Noting that white suffragists
were working like beavers, she established the
Alpha Suffrage Club. Their slogan, race interest
first, last and all the time. The club mobilized black women
in the Black Belt second ward and eventually helped elect
Chicago's first black alderman. - Those were ordi
nary women, not the high-faluting
black women of Chicago. Ordinary women were
told they had worth and could make a
change in society. - [Narrator] That spring,
Ida B. Wells set her sights on Washington, DC. On the day before Woodrow
Wilson's inauguration, she boarded a train bound for
the National Suffrage Parade. - Wells travels with
the Illinois delegation. She gets to Washington, DC. There are state delegations
from all over the United States and Illinois is very large. They've got drum major
s. - [Narrator] Wells
and 250,000 women approached Pennsylvania Avenue. But Alice Paul, the
lead parade planner had a last minute concern. Southern white women wouldn't
march if they had to do so alongside black women. Planners suddenly asked that the black delegates
march separately in the back. Ida B. Wells-Barnett
was struck by the news. - So Wells says, "Of course,
I'm not going to do that. I came here with my
delegation from Illinois. I intend to march
with my delegation." And they march
an
yway all together and so the march is integrated. (jazz music) And it's just classic Wells. I mean she stands for her
principles, no matter what. (jazz music) - [Narrator] Though her
Negro Fellowship League had now been serving men
on The Stroll for 20 years, Ida B. Wells was struggling
to keep it afloat. Her wealthy friends
admired her dedication but wouldn't venture
to The Stroll and work among the uneducated
and unemployed black men. - I don't know if she originally
thought she would be doing
this work by herself. I think she expected and
was hoping for other people to be as outraged as she was and to get in the
trenches and fight. - [Narrator] And she had
never received the kind of wealthy patronage Jane
Addams secured for Hull House. By the winter of 1920, the
Negro Fellowship League's rent was in arrears and Ida B.
Wells was finally forced to close its doors. - It is important that when
we think about the strength of this black woman, and
we think about the strength of black wome
n, that we never
forget that it always comes with a cost. And it certainly, it
took a toll on her. It took a toll on
her physically. - [Narrator] When Ida B.
Wells-Barnett was 68 years old she attended a book reading
with her oldest daughter. The subject was a book
by Carter G. Woodson, the man who created
Black History Month. But Ida was dismayed to discover that her anti-lynching efforts
weren't even mentioned. - She met a young woman
who had heard her name but didn't know what she did. That w
as stunning for her that she herself was not
known by a new generation. - [Narrator] So she sat down
to put her story on paper. In the first pages
of her autobiography, Ida B. Wells explained: - [Actor] The history
of this entire period which reflected glory on
the race should be known. Yet most of it is buried
in oblivion and so, because our youth are
entitled to the facts of race history, which only
the participants can give I am thus led to
set forth the facts. - [Michelle] I guess
it was her
story but it's also the
history of our country. - [Narrator] Ida B. Wells'
unfinished autobiography ended mid-sentence. A fitting reflection
perhaps of a woman who knew there's still more
work to be done. In March of 1931, Ida
B. Wells-Barnett awoke with a worrisome fever. She died a few days later. She is buried next
to Ferdinand Barnett, her partner for
more than 30 years. - Ida B. Wells and
Ferdinand Barnett, crusaders for justice. (somber music) - [Michelle] I am
a native Chicagoan and ther
e was an
Ida B. Wells Homes on the South side of Chicago. Most people had heard the name
but it got to a point where it was just a disconnect
between who Ida B. Wells as a woman was and
the work that she did and what people
associated with her name. - [Narrator] In
February of 2019, Ida B. Wells Drive became
Chicago's first street named for an African-American woman. The next year, Wells
was posthumously honored with a Pulitzer Prize. New York Times writer, Nikole Hannah-Jones won her
Pulitzer P
rize the same day. - When I found out that
I had won the Pulitzer on the same day as my spiritual
godmother, Ida B. Wells, a woman who did not receive
that type of recognition in her life and
never would have, I cried like a baby. - No justice no peace
- Recently, a multitude of young activists and justice seekers are taking
up the work of Ida B. Wells. - Who do you serve! Who do you protect! Who do you serve! Who do you protect! - [Narrator] For
older historians, the reason why is simple. - [Cr
owd] Black Lives Matter! - Black Lives Matter. Black Lives Matter is
addressing the same issues that Ida B. Wells took
up in the 1880s and 90s. (crowd chattering)
Moreover, Black Lives Matter has a considerable component
of black female leadership. (people clapping)
- I need for these racist systems to be dismantled. - What we need is equity,
what we need is recovery. - No peace!
- [Charles] They're taking to the streets.
- Police! - [Charles] They're
writing essays, they're organizing cadres. -
Black Lives Matter! Women are faith and we
believe in fighting. - [Charles] They are
addressing systemic violence more broadly than simply the
issue of police brutality. - I want jobs and resources
in Black and Brown communities on the South and West
sides of Chicago. (people clapping and cheering) - The violence is caused
by economic disparity, it's caused by the increasing
gap between the rich and the poor and
that is exemplified by this city.
(people clapping and cheering) - [Charles] This
i
s Ida B. Wells. (music dies down) - [Narrator] In the last
and unfinished chapter of her autobiography, Ida B.
Wells offered words of wisdom to future generations writing: - [Actor] Eternal vigilance
is the price of liberty. - Ida B. Wells was clearly
outstanding and unique. There's no doubt about that. But I think what she would
say is use your talent to the best of your ability, to see her life as an
example of what it takes to create change and the
price, but not to glorify her or make her ou
t of reach of
the actions of ordinary people. (humming)
Comments
Visit the interactive website at wttw.com/idabwells
Her husband recognizing that she was spectacular is amazing. He let her stick to the plan and be who she was and wasn’t intimidated but proud of her. Ida addressing real problems and her vigilance to not only protect black men and families should be more widely recognized
I really find it difficult to see in the lynching picture how people including children can stand there smiling and looking so happy about someone hanging dead or dying…….that’s another level of being evil to the core.
This documentary brought tears to my eyes. She was a very strong black woman ❤️ I love the fact her husband supported her career.
If we’re still fighting for the same thing today that Ida B Wells was a century ago, something is wrong with this picture. Are we going to be forever begging and asking and demanding???
The more I read about Ms. Wells and having 6 books on her, I realize 3 things that frustrate my soul so very much. 1.) How Class played a major role in even in our race. 2.)Sexism played a major part. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. looked down on her. 3.) Even the Church was scared to fight for freedom and seen Ms. Wells as a troublemaker. When she clearly wanted us to rise up and defend ourselves. Then there was a 4th issue I notice, White Women wanted rights and respect from their men, but they couldn't even put down their racism to include black women equally. Just think if Upper Middle Class Blacls, Other Civil Rights Leaders during that time, the Bkack Church and Women Rights Groups had a backbone and joined Ms. Wells how more advance our race would have been. The total lack of respect she received during the last decade of her life makes me sick. She should be mention along MLK, Malcolm X, Marcus Garvey, Harriet Tubman and Rosa Parks. Because she attributes they all had before all but Harriet Tubman was born. It is a shame she isn't honored. I love this women and everything she stood for. R.I.P. Ms. Ida B. Wells.
I’m so excited that Ida Wells-Barnett finally has received a documentary. This helps synthesize so much biographical and sociological information about her not available — even to graduate students like myself who are just exploited and below the paywall needed for the historical/archival data shown here. Thank you so much !
Thanks so much for this short, but Beautiful 😍 "Biopic" life of this "Amazing " Women, Mrs. Ida B. Wells-Barnett, her Husband that backed her, her few allies, the Presenters and to Her " Grear Grands" that made sure Mrs Ida's legacy remained alive and current in this time. As the struggle continues even to this "Day", eye'm alive and greatful 🙏 🙌 that 👁 eye was able to see 👀 and hear this much needed "Herstory"! Rest In Power, Mrs. Ida B. Wells-Barnett. 👍🔥.
Such a well done documentary! Thanks to WTTWChicago for putting this together and enlightening us with the legacy Ida B. Wells left all Americans.
I love this woman and find so much fire, power & peace in her example. This is also so informative, well told and well researched. Shout to Pulitzer winning 1619 Project! The intersections of her life with World's Fair, Frederick Douglass & W.E.B. Du Bois are crazy....but it's HER story, HER spirit and HER work that trumps it all. Sad she is not more known, but she will never be forgotten. She did her work!
From Springfield, IL and never knew about this brave woman! This and ALL other black history should have BEEN being taught in schools.
I wished I would have learned this in school! Thanks for letting me know about Ida B Wells
I am so honored to know of such a fierce, brilliant and loving, tactical woman. All that she created, organized, and attempted in the face of perpetual nonsense: Sexism, racism, classism, erasure…. Standing Salute in the spirit of gratitude.
As an older woman and educator, I never knew her story. I'm so impressed and proud of the knowledge of her courage!
WOW!!! I am 67 and I have never heard of this Magnificent Woman before. SMH!!! I'm going to suggest this video to my fifteen year old granddaughter. Thanks so much for this video. .... PEACE to ALL.
Ida B Wells Barnett epitomizes what mission blacks in this country and around the world should still be striving and fighting for today. She has always been one of my favorite black history pioneers. Her mission is so eternally relevant in the 21st century. She was truly a trailblazer of her time.
Ida B. Wells was a true humanitarian. She had a genuine desire to help those in need, which contrasted with the attitudes of the snobbish old school established blacks who considered themselves 'more polished' and unwilling to do the same as Ms. Wells. Good for her.
What a woman!!! Amazing legacy full of teachings for all people willing to learn!!
Excellent and long overdue. Well done Madame Wells.
Fantastic documentary! Thank you for posting it. RIP Mrs. Ida B. Wells-Barnet🕊💖.