throughout the ages there have been great Empires and civilizations that have risen up their creators ruling Nations regions and continents for hundreds even thousands of years some of the great legacies and accomplishments of these Empires may be lost in the midsts of time but from what they have left behind in rock and ruin we can trace remarkable stories China is one of the world's most ancient civilizations along with the Babylonians Mayans and Egyptians there has been official documentation
of Chinese history for more than 3,000 years it is a success story of population movement economic expansion technological advancement all in one they typically view other people being being less civilized to show how civilized they are that they use Outsiders as as a reference system to actually praise themselves you know we different we're the people leading [Music] civilization for 3,000 years a handful of dynasties ruled old China sometimes for centuries and in between Waring tribes battled
for control of this ancient land throughout it all only the Mongols were Invaders but now in the 17th century it was the Manu from Manchuria who would seize power the Ching Dynasty last over 2 and a half century in his hey days it was one of the world's most powerful Empire mental Ching Empire remain probably the most organized and effective and Powerful of the Medieval Age but the world had moved on it didn't really do quite so well in the mod context the Manchu Dynasty known as the Ching woul
d against expectations in less than 100 years become the last empire in China's long imperial history [Music] one country two System model you have the Manus and some of the other nomadic people being put under one system and a different system being used for the governing of hand populated China and for the hand populated China they basically recreated and strengthened the system they inherited from the previous Han Chinese dynasty the main Dynasty so your Imperial Civil surface examination you
r use of confusion isms they were all being integrated into the system and yet at the same time you have the mental system still in place and the menal emperor at the throne will perform both roles so you will have the the emperor becoming himself a learned confusion scholar and able to govern in the confusion way and yet also ride on a horseback and take his arrows out and go shooting and riding with his benanaman the Forbidden City in Beijing is China's most Historic Landmark rivaled only by T
he Great Wall it was built in the 15th Century by the Ming Dynasty Emperors when they moved their capital from Nan Jing but the newly installed Manu Emperors carried on the tradition the Forbidden City served as the home of Emperors and their households as well as the ceremonial and political Center of Chinese government for almost 500 [Music] years the Forbidden City is a picture of the universe it faces South so it's protected from the north at the back and the Imperial Halls of audience for g
uests according to the guest rual come to be given gifts by the emperor in a series of audience halls and then behind the audience holes is the interior part of the Forbidden City which is where the concubines and the Unix lived constructed from 1406 to 1420 the complex consists of 980 buildings covering 72 hectares entering from the Meridian gate you encounter a large Square pierced by the Meandering inner golden water river which is crossed by five Bridges beyond the square stands the Gate of
supreme Harmony behind that is the Hall of supreme Harmony square a three- tiered White marble Terrace rises from this Square three Halls stand on top of this Terrace the focus of the palace complex the Hall of supreme Harmony was used by the emperor to receive officials and was built by Emperor Jang zi in 1695 it is the largest of the Forbidden City Halls and the largest surviving wooden structure in China the Hall of central Harmony is a smaller Square Hall used by the emperor to prepare and r
est before and during ceremonies behind it the Hall of preserving Harmony was used for rehearsing ceremonies and was also the site of the final stage of the Imperial examination all three Halls feature Imperial Thrones with the largest and most elaborate one being in the Hall of supreme Harmony the Forbidden City was declared a world heritage site in 1987 and is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world [Music] as in the Ming Dynasty the prese
nce of Unix in the Chinese Court here was a tradition these emasculated men served as Palace menials spies and Har Watchdogs throughout the ancient world an army of Unix was attached to the Forbidden City primarily to safeguard the Imperial L's Chastity un actually started to become popular of the Mongols not before the Mongols so you wonder whether this is really Chinese practice I wonder whether this actually was introduced from other part parts of Asia by the Mongols yeah so the Ming Unix and
the Ching Unix are known as you know the best time of the Unix but certainly not before the Mongols the purpose really is to control the lot purity of the Harin of the emperor also because women cannot operate in the market places Unix can because they have new uh male sort of a sort of appearance they can go to the market they can buy things so they have certain freedom but yet by surgery removal of their genitals they are complete harmless to the H therefore they have no threat to the success
ion of the emperor that's the whole idea the Unix were even forced to carry their castrated private parts and containers around their necks to prove their status the Q was a specifically male hairstyle worn by the Manu from Central Manchuria and it was now forcibly imposed on the hand Chinese under threat of death the hair on the front of the head was shaved off above the temples every 10 days and the remainder of the hair was braided into a long plat or Queue at the back large numbers of Chines
e were outraged the traditional Chinese hairstyle was to wear hair in a bun it was a core part of the hand confusion identity the wearing of a q me was just a long established murrian practice bearing in mind the menus were a nomadic people and they live most of their life on horsebacks they were very Marshal people so if you were constantly on a horseback shooting arrows or fighting with cold weapons if you can have your cues that you can tie up it's just sort of easier to manage your [Music] h
air the Manu rulers gave the Chinese a choice you either lose your head or you you you actually you know follow our you know hair do so for the male population if you do the Manu way then you you it it is your personal announcement that you actually agree with the manal rule simple as that so everybody quickly for the you to save their heads they start to do these pigtails and foot binding a custom of breaking and tightly binding the feet of young girls in order to change the shape and size of t
heir feet was continued although the Manu didn't practice it bound feet were considered a status symbol and a mark of beauty feet altered by foot binding were known as Lotus feet and the shoes made for these feet were known as Lotus shoes the foot binding really is uh uh par in in in the Yellow River Region um the reason seems to be that uh you have a very long long winter and uh the growing season is about 120 to 150 days of a year so you don't really need women as a Workforce uh on your Fields
therefore I um you know they don't have to go out to really work for their food whereas in the PE River Region and the Yi River Region you do I mean women will be used as so valuable to bind their feet that's [Music] crazy it's kind of a self-inflicted injury you know to make yourself disabled to show that actually the head of household is a man of resources can actually support you for the rest of your life of course it's a bul but it's it's such a twisted picture you of the Chinese mind it ha
s been estimated that by the 19th century nearly half of all Chinese women may have had bound feet rising to Almost 100% in upper class Chinese women it's thought the feet of young women were bound to raise their marriage prospects how however footbinding was also a painful practice that limited the mobility of women resulting in lifelong disabilities not least in pain and discomfort while [Music] walking just as the Ming Emperor had done the Ching adapted to many traditional confusion ideas the
Ching Emperors would come here to the Temple of Heaven an imperial complex of religious buildings built in 1420 situ at in Beijing temples dedicated to Moon Earth Sun and good harvest have Exquisite decorated Interiors here there would be annual ceremonies of prayer to heaven for good harvest the Pinnacle of the event happened once a year before Dawn on the winter solstice thousands of officials in horsedrawn chariots would make their way towards the ritual site the round altar it was here that
the emperor the son of Heaven acted as intermediary Between Heaven and Earth the Emperor of China was historically presented as the son of heaven and therefore that connection with heaven was important is a if you like a Chinese version of the divine right of kingship the most spectacular building here is the Hall of prayer for good harvests and a magnificent triple gabled circular building 36 m in diameter and 38 M tall built on three levels on a marble Stone base the building is completely wo
oden with no Nails the original burnt down after being struck by lightning in 1889 and the current building was rebuilt several years later the high point of the Ching Empire was during the 18th century when the Ching long emperor ruled for 59 years this period was called the Chinese Enlightenment and the emperor compared to England's George thei who was on the throne at the same time in 1712 the government you know basically announced that from today onwards the total revenue will be capped tot
al revenue regardless of the growth of population the grow of Farmland the row of the market meaning we don't want to t you know tax you we leave you alone so that's a mistake that's a really mistake but this certainly agrees with confusion teaching of benevolence you shouldn't tax people heavily yeah so that's why the Ching government tanks the population uh so light uh my calculation is uh for ordinary unskilled labor you only pay 3 Day wages to the government for the year and you're done I qu
ite like that noways I pay over 30% to this government in the west everything Chinese became very fashionable the ruling classes of Europe such as here in England erected Chinese buildings such as pagodas on the their Estates and decorated their palatial homes with Shin wazer the enlightenment period in the 17th 18th century in Europe you have people who seem to have a strong awareness of China I mean liit monu rer and their views of China range from in the case of Li liit being really fascinati
ng admiring of Confucianism which he heard about bya Jesuit missionaries to montue kind of talk calling China the the ultimate kind of despotic you know kind of autocratic dictatorial government and I wonder whether 300 years on we were any further you know I mean is that is has our debate moved on very much uh Western views of China today are still very polarized but I think Chinese views have always been ironically uh I think better informed so I mean that's a sort of I guess an indication tha
t China Chinese uh certainly kind of the elite um in previous dynasties did think it was worth knowing about the outside world and I think it's often not been reciprocated but in the 18th century the West Was intrigued by Chinese methods such as Imperial examinations a system for selecting candidates for the state bureaucracy the concept of choosing bureaucrats by Merit rather than birth started early in Chinese history but using written examinations as a tool of sele started in nnest during the
9th century by the time of the Ching Dynasty the system was highly regimented with students locked in cells for days during the exams which promoted a common knowledge of writing the Confucian Classics and literary style among State officials the examination system played a significant role in tempering the power of hereditary aristocracy the highest degree the shinshi became essential for the highest off offes as many as 2 to 3 million men a year took the exams the failure rate was 99% in the
second half of the 19th century European countries adopted the Chinese selective methods and modeled their own civil service exams on the Chinese system over time high-powered civil servants became known as mandarins near the end of his long Reign China's Ching long emperor wrote to English Monarch George III our ceremonies and codes of law differ so completely from your own that you could not possibly transplant our manners and Customs to your alien Soul we have no use of your country's manufac
tures or the lonely remoteness of your Island cut off by the intervening wastes of sea China's population in 1800 was 380 million whereas Britain's was 10 million and Beijing was the world's largest city the grand Ching as it was known became the fourth largest Empire in world history during the peak of the Ching Dynasty the Empire ruled over the entirety of today's mainland China hyan Taiwan Mongolia outer Manchuria and outer Northwest China all 2,000 years of this private ownership land every
Chinese is a potentially expert of farming yeah Generations experience it's not you know born with you but is in the family nobody was hungry by and the large nobody was hungry this is the reason why all of a sudden the population double St triple itself quadruple itself yeah must be a reason you can't do this in the poor country by the 19th century the Ching Court was sophisticated and cultivated a massive bureaucracy but as the decades passed peasants and workers began slipping into poverty gu
anghu in the Pearl River delta on the Chinese southern coast had long been the entry port for foreign Traders they were fascinated by the wealth of China and marveled at the giant pagodas they saw there said one the Chinese have such a vast supply of silk that they squander gold leaf on silk Flags so huge they can be used as Sals when we use cheap colors and coarse lining cloth porcelain was regarded as white gold in the 17th and 18th century the Dutch imported 43 million pieces the Ching initia
lly continued the Ming philosophy viewing trade as tribute to the court however increasing economic pressure finally forced the kangi emperor to lift the ban on private trading in 1684 allowing foreigners to enter Chinese trading ports like guanghu and allowing Chinese traders to travel overseas but soon this would lead to tensions that would change life in China Forever at the center of the conflict there was the British British East India Company and its quest for China's most precious commodi
ty tea the East India Company is founded in 1600 with a royal Charter from Elizabeth I and it's a group of London Merchants who are given the Monopoly on British trade with Asia Only the East India Company could carry British tea into the country the Chinese trade was strictly regulated by China so we had to move gold and silver to China to buy this precious drink as demand for tea in Britain increased the East India company started to run out of silver and gold which was needed to trade tea wit
h the Chinese they discovered that the Chinese were consuming opium which they believed was good for them so the British Traders exploited the situation and began to smuggle huge quantities of opium which was grown in British India into China then traded opium to the Chinese for their silver and gold they have a huge bar there as as a you know Storehouse and you have small ships run by the Chinese MERS coming to your barge and unload the opion and then they Supply the network of open consumption
inside China a huge operation and eventually the Chinese lose patience and start to confiscate the Opium and that that leads to war with Britain the Chinese were terribly protective of tea they didn't want people to know what it was or where it was [Music] grown during the 19th century the Opium Wars started because at that time Britain has a huge demand and appetite for Chinese Goods so silks tea porcelain that all the upper classes are consuming at a huge rate we can perhaps even think about
this as a certain kind of dependency whereas China by contrast had no need for any of the produce that was being marketed in Europe essentially the only thing that Chinese wanted and would agree to trade in was silver and gold it goes to show that in a sense that was China's self-sufficiency that was a threat in a sense to Britain and it's Britain's own dependency on China that also became problematic in each of the two Opium Wars the European forces used modern military technology to easily def
eat the Ching forces the British discovered cannons in Ching fortresses which were 150 years old and no longer worked the Ching had to open treaty ports especially Shanghai that handled trade with the Imperial power was and seeded the sovereignty of the island of Hong Kong to Britain it was just the idea that the mightiest Empire in the world would have to seek even an inch of his territory to another Imperial power that was the problem after these humiliating losses downtrodden people began to
see Ching rulers as corrupt and weak the country was ripe for Rebellion I blame the Ching government to be too idealistic they went all the way to practice benevolent rule of confusion ISM so to such extent they just disarmed themselves to run a ire larger than China today the Ching Authority only hard 27,000 officials on its payroll you you you need more than this to run London today yeah naning today is one of China's most modern cities but it's also one of its ancient capitals and just a few
years after the Opium Wars it was the sight of an even bloodier conflict that would become another festering wound for the Ching Dynasty the typing rebellion was commanded by hongi Kuan the self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ who sought the conversion of the Chinese people to his own bizarre version of Christianity the typings gained control of a significant part of southern China eventually expanding to command a population base of nearly 30 million people they raised a standing army of a m
illion and for a decade they fought across much of the mid and Lower yansi Valley the War cost as many lives as World War I it became one of the bloodiest Wars in human history a Savage Civil War and the largest conflict of the 19th century at the time it was believed that 20 to 30 million people died a recent Chinese study estimated 70 million the famous British general Gordon who lost his life in the Sudan a quarter of a century later was in China at the end of the Opium Wars he made his reput
ation leading the fight against the taii pings on behalf of the Chinese government Chinese Gordon as he became known noted the suffering they are like wolves the dead lie where they fall and in some cases are trodden quite flat by passes by Ching government control only 1% of GDP you know next to nothing basically run up Empire well the typings controlled they they they control 600 cities and towns imagine that and that alone will take about 90% of Chinese tax revenue from the state the Genesis
of Chinese martial arts has been attributed to the need for self-defense hunting techniques and military training in ancient China hand-to-hand combat and weapons practice were important in training Chinese soldiers this concept of self-improvement the need to flourish underscores not only martial arts but the Chinese attitude to life it's that cultivation to reach a higher state of being and the idea that everybody could become a sage anybody the notion of being a sage means becoming immortally
known as someone who canect effectively Chang the world so this idea that anybody can be a sage through self-cultivation is what I think is behind the notion of flourishing and that same cosmology is still in use in China and so the discipline that we call chiung or or or martial arts or taii it's all using that same cosmology ever since the Opium Wars there had been a simmering resentment of an increasing foreign presence in China and at the end of the 19th century this exploded with the Boxer
Rebellion an uprising in 1899 mainly against Catholic missions who had been very arrogant in their attitudes to Chinese people who they considered to be inferior this was a Anti-Imperialist anti- forign and anti-christian Uprising initiated by the militia United in righteousness it was known outside China as the Boxer Rebellion because so many of the participants practiced Chinese martial arts also referred to in the west as Chinese boxing the boxers were some sort of Quai religious sex who wer
e mobilizing and taking advantage of the rise of frustrations that were directed partly against forigners and but partly also against government authorities at least to begin with the boxers in a term with three Chinese W they are e her named effectively righteous harmonious fist that's how they came about and that's why they were call the boxer is the is the fist bit of it the boxers felt spiritually possessed and convinced they were invulnerable to foreign weapons converged on Beijing foreigne
rs and Chinese Christians sought Refuge suddenly the boxers started to make claims that they had divine power bullets could not hurt them initially hesitant the empress daa CI supported the boxers and issued an imperial decree declaring in war on the foreign powers he was uh certainly uh the wrong person in the wrong place at the wrong time about 50,000 Chinese uh Christians died uh few hundred uh Europeans died in in in this new episode of chaos and she was certainly responsible for declaring w
ar against all foreigners diplomats foreign civilians and soldiers as well as Chinese Christians in Beijing were besieged for 55 Days by the Imperial Army of China and the boxers an eight Nation Alliance of Western Powers brought 200,000 armed troops to China defeated the Imperial Army and freed the foreigners uncontrolled plunder of the capital and the surrounding Countryside ensued along with the summary execution of those suspected of being boxers and government officials who had supported th
em the Ching dynasty was faced with a huge reparations bill this had come a few years after another humiliating loss for the Ching in a brief war with Japan over the Korean Peninsula the war exposed the failure of the Ching attempt to modernize its military the humiliating loss of Korea as a tributary State sparked an unprecedented public outcry the Japanese believe that they were the true seat of culture in E Asia they are the center of the world not Chinese but this is certainly not agreed upo
n by the Chinese because they look at the way confusion ISM was passed on to Japan even social structure even you know dress code to Japan so they believe the Japanese at the best got the third hand Chinese inventions Innovations yeah including the language yeah because everything must go through Korea to reach Japan now the Japanese decide to depart from Asia and join Europe in the second half of the 19th century because Japan finally decide China was no longer a qualified teacher or leader for
their civilization so they decide to join the Europeans they call themselves Europeans in Asia yeah so they decide to import it foreign technology foreign military foreign administration everything you know they they they really fancy uh the German military the French military and also the British military they hire British Gunners on their ships and the British Gunners were the best in the world I think the Japanese by playing dirty uh really uh get China uh repeatedly uh defeated basically fo
r their credit you know they're clever people the ambition for Japan was to become modern in a small country like Japan with no clear resources the best way is to run colonization of the res of Asia so that did in 1905 just 10 years later the Japanese went on to defeat Russia in a short-lived Russo Japanese war adding to their emerging power and influence when the Russo Japanese war was won by the Japanese Japan became a great model for China because it had defeated a western power so Chinese in
tellectuals who wanted to advance themselves as possible advisers to Chinese governments um went West and East to Japan for their education for hundreds of years the ch had prevented many educated Chinese from leaving the country even under threat of execution especially for officials you're you're not supposed to leave China or the members of the litera because you you are the basically the treasurers uh of the confusion teaching and also you the pillars of society but for ordinary people reall
y you can you can smuggle yourself quite easily out of China not only were the Chinese Elite leaving the country to seek work abroad Soon Chinese workers would become a source of cheap labor in America the British Empire and Beyond following the abolition of the slave trade black Africans are certainly Politically Incorrect but you know Asians are fine so you sign up for 8 years of your life as a Indian or a Chinese then you'll be sent to those plantations to replace uh the black labors or slave
s so that's the beginning of the overseas Chinese diasporas between 1821 and 1945 about 3 million contract laborers were shipped out of China many were press ganged onto ships and known as [Music] koles [Music] they were going to work in Peru they would have enough money to live far better than in China and they came with contracts to work for about uh equivalent to $8 a month of which four were subtracted to pay for the seam Fair the labor conditions of the koles in Peru were appalling and when
they infringe any of the arbitrary rules they were punished severely and when they escaped they were captured they were branded and put in Chains nevertheless they remain and finish their contracts and obtain their Liberty and stay in the country as businessman after 1874 they were all their way aves of Chinese that came as free agents some of them were friends or relatives of the kolies others had heard of Peru and the land of opportunity today the population is about 10 to 15% of the total po
pulation of the country what we have at the 19th century is a global dispersal of the Chinese around the world really in Southeast Asia they go there through the existing trade links that they are developing themselves and have a huge impact on really developing industry and trade across southeast Asia to the extent that they become extremely successful and in many cases you know are leaders within the industry in those countries there were disproportionately male young male and they were dispro
portionately the eldest son in the family and they were sent out to make a little Fortune for for the rest of family yeah so in in that regard this is really a family business yeah you know if you go to West Indies if you go to California if you go to Melbourne if you go to New Zealand um you know you may actually get rich although very few actually did in Australia thousands of Chinese arrived in the 1850s along with many other immigrants from around the world looking to strike it rich in the g
old rush but they were heavily discriminated against the government created a head tax and refused the Chinese entry through the port of Melbourne they did everything in the to try and stop the Chinese from coming into Victoria they didn't like them because I worked hard and I ate different food SP a different language and lots of different reason the Chinese were forced to disembark at a remote Coastal port in South Australia and had to walk hundreds of miles to the gold Fields the ones who got
to the goldfields were only allowed to mine the soil that the Europeans mined and considered useless and then they put on a 4B residence STX there was no immigration for Chinese women they never lifted those restrictions till 1978 despite being ostracized the Chinese brought change to Australia including the introduction of Market gardening even a hadn't been for the party of the market gardening a lot of those early miners would have died they wouldn't have had any fresh peggies Chinese labore
rs were also brought into the United States to help construct the Transcontinental Railroad which linked America's Eastern West coasts the laborers were employed in the most difficult and dangerous jobs known as powder monkeys some were used to scale giant rock faces to plant explosives so that tunnels could be built like this one in California known as the Chinese wall it's really one of the great engineering achievements in America in the 19th century because this is a what's called a dry laid
wall there is no mortar these are locked like a jigsaw puzzle and that's why it's so stable there was an acute labor shortage of white in California a lot of California men had gone to Nevada to search for silver so they needed labor and there was a Chinese population they reluctantly hired them and they thought they really can't do anything they're smaller than us they're weaker than us they don't speak our language they don't know what they're doing but they were there and it turned out that
the Chinese were such good workers such fabulous workers that the railroad began to search all over the western states for Chinese they even sent contractors to gangal Province and brought back shiploads of Chinese needs 1654 ft on four faces nearly 2 years winter and summer working essentially 24 hours a day just for one tunnel indentured labor really is very attractive is a big sum of money only at the end of the term you will get full pay and that's really it's a saving scheme right and uh th
is is really the the demand side and you have have huge Market especially in America and the supply side is you you have enough Chinese being able to leave their family farms yeah and then and and and and go for it as well as the significance of the Chinese themselves and the kind of input they put into helping develop these nations we have a huge backlash against them at that time for example in 1882 following the economic slump of the 1870s there is the Chinese Exclusion Act in the US in Austr
alia in 1901 there's brought in the white Australia policy and even though it's white Australia and aims at a whole range of minorities it specifically targets the Chinese during that period there's this huge Peak I would say in cynophobia and this is legitimized by the state and that in turn in terms of what happens on a ground is that you see a huge surge in anti-chinese racial violence we have the construction of particular ideas around chineseness so in the 19th century you have this um huge
ly significant tag called the yellow Peril and it's this fear of the Chinese through their migrations going around the world and essentially taking over the world in addition to that I think there's a kind of a threat to ideas around civilization you know if they come with their different ways and take over our culture it's going to obliterate somehow our culture as we know it just the word Far East you know is very indicative it's remote it's kind of mysterious it's either been you know romanti
cized you think of chinois you know in the time of George the thir and George I four in Britain and in France and Europe uh you know kind of idea of China being a place of high culture and on the other hand you've got this demonization what some people have called you know the story of Manu this character dreamt up by a British Irish writer in the early 20th century who'd never set foot you know in China and yet imagin you know this kind of sinister figure Dr F Manu who then of course was played
in films rather hilariously by Christopher Lee who as far as I could see had not a trace of Chinese blood in him so you know this has been there a long time and I guess in the 21st century is complemented by the fact that China's politically quite alien and you know it's it's it's the perfect storm really this place which has a long history being othered and then it's politically you know kind of very different too in China at the end of the 19th century the political crisis deepened after more
than 3,000 years of an unbroken dynastic history China's great Imperial age was coming to an end we are looking at systemic Decay and failures to meet challenges that were unfolding with or without the emperor Stager the Imperial menal Dynasty would be facing enormous amounts of challenges and it's questionable whether it would have been able to meet those challenges now the emperor staver certainly accelerated the process of the demise of the Ching Empire L because she was not delivering the k
ind of reforms necessary at an earlier time she only started introducing reforms when it was bit rather too late and then it was also bit too little In This Moment Of Crisis for Imperial China the daag emperor Sushi the archetypal Dragon lady who had ruled China for 47 years and who had sided with the ERS in their rebellion was still diverting funds from a fast emptying Imperial treasury to build her own Summer Palace outside Beijing a world heritage site it is still regarded as a masterpiece of
Chinese landscape garden design and would soon be used as a retreat by the incoming Republican government and is used by the communist Elite today the day before she died in 1908 Emperor Sushi nominated ated the 2-year-old Pui to become China's Last Emperor but the child Emperor was deposed age six Just 4 years later because in 1911 a series of upheavals led to the collapse of China's last Imperial Dynasty under a new leader sanat sen the Rebellion culminated in the 1911 shingai Revolution Chin
a would now turn Westward there was a whole system of worker inter uals who were sent to Europe for Education which included the person whom we now know as a famous Chinese Premier Joe and I but many many others who were educated in Paris and other centers in Europe and the combination of the two was to learn from the West in order to beat the West when the end came for China's last Imperial Dynasty many Chinese celebrated by having a haircut one of the big symbolic changes immedi L with the uh
proclamation of the Republic was that people were cutting off their cubes the cues was a hairstyle imposed by demensions it was not a kind of Chinese weight of wearing their hair at all and for the overwhelming majority of people in China the changes of the government in Beijing was marginal to [Music] them next time the Chinese Republic is born setting the Empire on a course which would descend into Civil War a Communist Revolution and a newfound Quest that would see China reemerge into the 21s
t century reclaiming its place among the world's great [Music] Empires [Music]
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