To start your journey into the unseen world around you, check out the Microcosmos Microscope and more at https://www.microcosmos.store
These particular little green organisms show up in the background of other organism’s lives, providing pops of color among other debris. What you are looking at is not a single organism, but rather a gathering of them. Those green bits are consortia of bacteria.
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Journey to the Microcosmos is a Complexly production.
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SOURCES:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12304-010-9081-1
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-1528-3_2
https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8114/1/Vogl_Kajetan.pdf
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-27515-9_10
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651322006091
https://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2009/04/happy-together-life-of-the-bacterial-consortium-chlorochromatium-aggregatum.html
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00146/full
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00146/full
https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/24/5/591/589998
https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2013-14-11-r127
This video has been dubbed using an artificial voice via https://aloud.area120.google.com to increase accessibility. You can change the audio track language in the Settings menu.
At the end of every episode of Journey To
The Microscosmos, we thank you for coming on this journey with us as we explore the
unseen world that surrounds us. But have you ever found yourself wanting to
have your own journey and explore the unseen world that surrounds you? Well you can start on your own journey with
the Microcosmos Microscope! We worked with our Master of Microscopes James
Weiss to design what we believe is the perfect starter microscope for someone who wants to
get into microsco
py. In fact, the clip you’re seeing on screen
right now was captured using our microscope. We’ll have a whole video coming out pretty
soon where we talk more about our microscope and show you what it’s capable of, but for
now, if you’d like to know more or pick one up for yourself, you
can go to microcosmos.store If you have been venturing through the microcosmos
for some time now, these oval green shapes likely seem familiar to you. They are not particularly distinctive, but
they are green and
big enough to see under the microscope. And those two qualities describe a good chunk
of what we find in the microcosmos. These particular little green organisms show
up in the background of other organism’s lives, providing pops of color among other
debris. And if you’re trying to identify what this is,
you might turn to some of the obvious candidates. Maybe a euglenoid, or some kind of algae. Something green and rod-shaped and single-celled,
possibly eukaryotic. And if that’s your guess, we w
ould
not blame you. But you are wrong. What you are looking at is not a single-celled
organism, but rather a gathering of them. Those green bits are consortia of bacteria. We’re going to explain more about what is
actually in that consortia, but before that, we've got to tell you what a consortium is. First, not all consortia are green. Some are more like the colorless squiggle
you see in the middle of your screen, made up of thin, curved prokaryotes gathered around a central bacterium that
has
flagella at both ends. And “consortium” is kind of a funny word to
describe bacteria, isn’t it? It makes them sound like a group of companies
that have come together to sign some fancy legal document. Which I suppose in a way they have. There isn't a legal document binding them
together. There is simply survival. That word “consortium” can mean a lot
of things in the microbial world, in part because our understanding of what they are
is currently evolving. But also, there are just a lot of diff
erent
contexts in which they seem to appear. When the term was first introduced to the
microcosmos realm in 1872 by naturalist Johannes Reinke, the idea was to describe how an organism
can actually be made up of two species that have somehow found a unified body to live in-- organisms like lichen, made up of algae and
fungi. But the specific ways that organisms intertwine
their lives can vary, and for our purposes today, the definition that probably best applies
is that a consortium is a group o
f bacteria that are organized and are in permanent contact
with one another. There are various types of consortia that
scientists know about, including formations that live in your own mouth. These consortia can be distinguished from
one another by their color, and their shape, the number of cells within them, and the shape
of those cells. And what makes them all special is that these are relationships formed
entirely between prokaryotes. This sets consortia apart from other ventures
into bacte
rial symbiosis that we have explored, which have generally involved bacteria seeking
out more complex eukaryotic partners. For example, there are the bacteria that live
on the surface of the ciliate kentrophoros so they can hitch a ride to regions with enough
hydrogen sulfide for them to convert into food. So this property of consortia
only being relationships between prokaryotes makes this really fascinating to scientists for a few reasons. One is simply that bacteria probably teamed
up with e
ach other before they ever teamed up with eukaryotess, and understanding how
they formed these relationships may help us better grasp how they have evolved with the
world around them. Consortia offer more than just history though. They also might suggest different futures
for us, providing us with the means to understand how we can use bacteria for everything from
farming to cleaning up oil spills. But identifying and understanding these consortia
is challenging. James, our master of microscopes
, has been
baffled by what looks like a bunch of logs glued together. He thought there might be flagellates in there
along with the prokaryotes. But when he tried separating the individuals,
he couldn't find any. So for now, like most of the consortia we’ve
been looking at, the mechanics of this group remain unclear to us. Perhaps the best studied
consortium is Chlorochromatium aggregatum, the small green group we watched in the beginning of this episode. They are found in lakes and ponds, typi
cally
in areas with low amounts of oxygen and light. The green bacteria are Chlorobium chlorochromatii,
a green sulfur bacteria that are photosynthetic, but that are surprisingly adept at living
in low-light situations. And yet, they do still need light, which would
be fine, except that green sulfur bacteria have a problem: they cannot swim. There are ways around this problem, like the
green sulfur bacteria that just go up in the water column by producing gas vacuoles. It’s like balloon travel i
n the microcosmos. And much like actual balloon travel, it can
take a few days for the bacteria to get where they want to go, so not always the optimal
choice. But that is not a problem for
Chlorobium chlorochromatii because they have found a different way to get around the microcosmos. A colorless, rod-shaped bacteria called
Candidatus Symbiobacter mobilis. Now we don’t have a good view of this organism
because in most of our videos, it’s surrounded by the green sulfur bacteria that have latch
ed
onto it. But here you can get a glimpse of it in the
middle of a group of green bacteria assembling a consortium around it. The job of that central bacterium is to move. Surrounded by anywhere from 20-70 of its green
sulfur bacteria companions, the bacterium in the middle of it all takes the group to
light and to sulfide. And these consortium members might be in
communication with each other to find the light. But why would Candidatus Symbiobacter mobilis
agree to this relationship? Well the
most likely explanation is that they
get nutrients from their companions. Now if that is truly the exchange being made,
then it’s a trade that has had a huge impact on that central bacterium. When scientists studied the genomes of both
Chlorobium chlorochromatii and Candidatus Symbiobacter mobilis, they found that the
green sulfur bacteria didn’t seem to have to change much to make the symbiosis happen. The few genes they’d acquired that were
geared towards symbiosis helped make the cells adhere
to each other or changed the cell wall
a little bit. In contrast, Candidatus Symbiobacter mobilis
seems to have lost a large number of its genes, so much so that it cannot grow independently. It needs the consortium to survive, and only
when the consortium divides can it divide as well. When you say it like that, “the consortium”
sounds almost like a dystopian entity, one that’s trapped the Candidatus Symbiobacter
mobilis into a life of shuttling green sulfur bacteria around with no mind to its
own needs. But, like couldn’t that be said for any of
our own cells, they don't get to live their own lives or divide at will. If they do, our immune system will kill them
because uncontrolled cell division is very dangerous to the larger organism. This consortium is, in a way, a wholly other
kind of organism, one that you likely have never even heard of. At its heart is a species of prokaryote
that cannot survive outside of it. The closer you look, the more you realize, life
does not let us dr
aw hard lines around anything. It simply does what works. Thank you for coming on this journey with us as
we explore the unseen world that surrounds us. And if you want to open your eyes to the bizarre
world that is just outside your door and also in your own body,
don’t forget to check out microcosmos.store. We just want to bring more people into this
amazing community. So check it out, and maybe you can pick up
your own microscope, or, if you just want to show your love for
microscopy and micr
oscopic organisms, we have things like hydra shirts, and tardigrade
mugs, and micro bumper stickers that you can pick up to let everyone around you know that
you are a tardigrade enthusiast. The people on the screen right now, they are
our Patreon patrons. They're the people who let us and allow us
and enable us to make this content. We are so grateful for them. I really love that we get to make this show
and then I, along with you, get to keep learning more and more about the microcosmos. So th
ank you so much to all those people. If you want to become one of them, you can
go to Patreon.com/JourneytoMicro. If you want to see more from our Master of
Microscopes, James Weiss. Check out Jam and Germs on Instagram. And if you want to see more from us, there's
always a subscribe button somewhere nearby.
Comments
9:07 "Life does not draw hard lines around it, it simply does what works" This is the number 1 lesson of the channel and it never stops amazing/amusing me. Does any virus participate in this practice of consortia, or do some of them have a distinctly different conglomerating action?
I did work study at a microbiology lab in college, we had visiting scientists present all the time and I'll never forget when a scientist presented their paper on biofilms and how some bacteria 'sacrifice' themselves to help create the matrix for the biofilm. Under a microscope it almost looked like a cement apartment block made of fellow dead bacteria that transformed themselves into 'scaffolding.' When they showed the slide of the bacteria and the matrix there were audible gasps in the room.
Consortiums and biofilms seem to be somewhat analogous to multicellularity- at least in its simplest forms.
Damn. Nice job. A degree in microbiology and I've never heard of this. Very nice microscopy, too. Thanks James!
I'm writing a book on this, so this has absolutely made my day! Thank you for making this amazing content!!!
"When you say it like that, 'The Consortium' sounds almost like a dystopian entity...." Bacteriapunk 20.77µm?
The way they are spinning out of control is so hilarious to me
sometimes things around me make me fall in love with the universe again. this video is now one of those things. what a beautiful place it is to be here 😊
Somehow, your videos combine both the quirky approach of modern videos and the calming yet whimsical narration of old documentaries. Great job!
the top right fella(s) at 1:48 is going MENTAL
Thanks for "Stick together, come on, come on and stick together You know we made a vow, to leave one another never" roaming in my head...
These guys remind me of animals like the Portuguese Man 'o War, a hydrozoan, that consists of four individual animals merged into one codependent unit.
True example of power of friendship
I love these videos so much. I really hope you're taking care of yourself, Hank.
Please never stop making videos on this channel
Hi Hank!! Thanks for always giving me new knowledge
That was such a great video, Thanks.
"When he tried separating the individuals" HOW??? What tool could possibly be tiny enough to pick apart bacteria!?
Symbiosis/Symbiogenesis--->Lynn Margulis!!! Give credit where credit is do. Lynn was the master who brought us all this awesome info back in the eighties. Her theory on symbiosis, said that it, rather than random mutations is the primary driver of genetic evolution.
Whenever there's a video with Hank telling me what's on the screen, peering into the microcosmos, I'm suddenly happier. 😊 ❤❤