What causes Delusion? The prevailing view is that people adopt false beliefs because they’re too stupid or ignorant to grasp the truth. But just as often, the opposite is true: many delusions prey not on dim minds but on bright ones. And this has serious implications for education, society, and you personally.
In this video in collaboration with Gurwinder, we explore the reasons why intelligent people believe irrational things and what can be done to avoid the allure of delusion.
Check out the full podcast with Gurwinder on the Rise of Irrational Thinking - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvqvIXoPBqY
Check out Gurwinder's Substack - https://gurwinder.substack.com/
Follow Gurwinder on Twitter - https://twitter.com/G_S_Bhogal
Please consider supporting After Skool on Patreon https://www.patreon.com/AfterSkool
Visit our site at https://www.afterskool.net/
Or send us an email at afterskool100@gmail.com
[Music] what causes delusion the prevailing view
is that people adopt false beliefs because they're too stupid or ignorant to grasp the truth but just
as often the opposite is true many delusions prey not on dim minds but on bright ones and this has
serious implications for Education society and you personally in 2013 the Yale law professor Dan
Kahan conducted experiments testing the effect of Intelligence on ideological bias in one study he
scored people on intelligence using the cognitive
reflection test a task to measure a person's
reasoning ability he found that liberals and conservatives scored roughly equally on average
but the highest scoring individuals in both groups were the most likely to display political bias
when assessing the truth of various political statements in a the study Kahan and a team
of researchers found that test subjects who scored highest in numeracy were better able
to objectively evaluate statistical data when told it related to a skin rash trea
tment but
when the same data was presented as relating to a polarizing subject gun control those who
scored highest on numeracy actually exhibited the greatest bias the correlation between intelligence
and ideological bias is robust having been found in many other studies such as tarb bur lodged to
2006 stanovich at Al 2012 and Joselyn and Haider marle 2014 these studies found stronger biases
in clever people on both sides of the aisle and since such biases are mutually contradictory they
can't be a result of Greater understanding so what is it about intelligent people that makes them so
prone to bias to understand we must consider what intelligence actually is in AI research there's a
concept called the orthogonality thesis this this is the idea that an intelligent agent can't
just be intelligent it must be intelligent at something because intelligence is nothing
more than the effectiveness with which an agent pursues a goal rationality is intelligence in
pursuit of objecti
ve truth but intelligence can be used to pursue any number of other goals and
since the means by which the goal is selected is distinct from the means by which the goal
is pursued the intelligence with which an agent pursues its goal is no guarantee that
the goal itself is intelligent as a case in point human intelligence evolved less as a tool
for pursuing objective truth than as a tool for pursuing personal well-being tribal belonging
social status and sex and this often required the adop
tion of what I call fashionably irrational
beliefs or fibs which the brain has come to excel at since we're a social species it is intelligent
for us to convince ourselves of irrational beliefs if holding those beliefs increases our status and
well-being Dan Kahan calls this Behavior identity protective cognition or IPC by engaging in IPC
people bind their intelligence to the service of evolutionary impulses leveraging their logic
and learning not to correct Illusions but to justify them or
as the novelist Saul Bellow put
it a great deal of intelligence can be invested in ignorance when the need for illusion is deep
what this means is that what while unintelligent people are more easily misled by other people
intelligent people are more easily misled by themselves they're better at convincing themselves
of things they want to believe rather than things that are actually true this is why intelligent
people tend to have stronger ideological biases being better at reasoning make
s them better at
rationalizing this tendency is troublesome in individuals but in groups it can prove disastrous
affecting the very structure and trajectory of society for centuries Elite academic institutions
like Oxford and Harvard have been training their students to win arguments but not to discern truth
and in so doing they've created a class of people highly skilled at motivated reasoning the master
debaters that emerge from these institutions go on to become tomorrow's Elites politic
ians
entertainers and intellectuals master debaters are naturally drawn to areas where arguing well
is more important than being correct law politics media and Academia and in these industries
of pure Theory sheltered from reality they Ed their powerful rhetorical skills to convince
each other of fibs the more counterintuitive the better naturally their most virent arguments
soon escape the lab spreading from individuals to departments to institutions to societies some
of these arguments c
an now be found everywhere a prominent example is wokeism an identitarian
ideology combining elements of conspiracy theory and moral Panic which became fashionable in
Academia toward the end of the 20th century and finally spread to the mainstream with the
Advent of smartphones and social media wokeism reduces the world down to simplistic oppressor
victim relations in which people who are white straight slim or male are the oppressors
while those who are non-white LGBT fat or female are vic
tims Woks typically reject claims of
objectivity as a weapon created by straight white men to enforce the dominant CIS heteronormative
patriarchal white supremacist worldview as such they believe that the purpose of scholarship
is not to determine truth but to promote social justice or as they call it diversity equity and
inclusion to this end they will often use their intelligence to persuade people of arguments that
are logically unsound but which are perceived to contribute to a more Equ
itable world for inance
instance in the late 1960s some master debaters decided that fat people are oppressed in a world
where slimness is the nor so they began to carve out a whole field in Academia known as fat studies
to address this oppression by creating cunning but irrational arguments to normalize obesity ignoring
Decades of medical research showing that being fat is a serious health risk fat studies Scholars
argued that anti-at attitudes are health risks because they may cause obese
people anxiety and
stress since then these activist academics have developed even more convoluted rationalizations
many now argue that wanting to fight obesity is white supremacy just as fat studies was created
to normalize obesity in the interests of social justice another academic field gender studies
was created to normalize transgenderism and gender non-conformity through similarly dubious
arguments one such argument that sex is a spectrum is often Justified on the basis that there's n
o
single thing that distinguishes all men from all women such an abstract explanation is seductive
but beneath the aure it's just an elaborate case of the univariant fallacy it's true that no
single thing distinguishes all men from all women but no single thing distinguishes all cats
from all monkeys either is this proof of a cat monkey Spectrum even though fibs like sex is a
spectrum and obesity is healthy are objectively false woke academics have made the mainstream
through a combination
of crafty arguments and idea laundering the practice of couching opinions
in academic jargon and placing them in academic journals to disguise ideology as knowledge these
kinds of Master debat beliefs now Prevail among cultural Elites including those who should know
better such as biologists but they are rarer among the common people who lack the capacity
for mental gymnastics required to justify such intricate delusions despite being irrational
wokeism is nevertheless an intelligent world
view it's intelligent but not rational because its goal
is not objective truth or even social justice but social signaling and in pursuing this goal it's
a powerful strategy people who engage in woke rituals such as telling obese people they're
perfect just the way they are or encouraging kids to question their gender or calling for
the defunding of the police signal to others that they're cultured and compassionate towards
societies designated downtrodden their actions often end up hurting
rather than helping those
in need but they make some people feel good for a while and they increase their own social status
which explains why wokeism is most prevalent in Industries where status games and image are most
important politics media Academia entertainment and advertising wokeism is what happens when
identity protective cognition is allowed to run rampant through cultural institutions like
Harvard and Hollywood but while wokeism is currently systemic in the West in the 1800s th
e
dominant racial ideology in America really was white supremacy as a result the master debaters of
that age often used their reasoning not to justify discrimination against whites but discrimination
against blacks an example would be the American physician Samuel cartrite a strong believer in
slavery he used his learning to avoid the clear and simple realization that slaves who tried
to escape didn't want to be slaves and instead diagnosed as suffering from a mental disorder
he called Dr
P Mania which could be remedied by whipping the devil out of them it's an explanation
so idiotic only an intellectual could think of it much like the fictitious disorder that white
people are diagnosed with today white fragility cartright's case shows that the problem of runaway
rationalization is not just a disorder of today's woke intellectuals but of educated people of any
persuasion at any time and that includes you since you're watching a video about intelligence right
now you're likel
y above average in intelligence which means that you whatever you believe should
be extra vigilant against your intellect being commandeered by your animal impulses but how does
one do that exactly how does an intelligent person avoid a disorder that prays specifically on
intelligence the standard rationalist path is to try to avoid delusion by learning about
cognitive biases and logical fallacies but this can be counterproductive research suggests that
teaching people about misinformation
often just causes them to dismiss facts they don't like
as misinformation while teaching them logic often results in them applying that logic
selectively to justify whatever they want to believe such outcomes make sense if knowledge
and reasoning are the tools by which intelligent people fool themselves then giving them more
knowledge in reasoning only makes them better at fooling themselves I've been writing about
irrationality since 2017 and in that time I've noticed a disturbing pattern
whenever I post of
a cognitive bias or logical y my replies are soon invaded by leftists claiming it explains rtist
beliefs and by rightists claiming it explains leftist beliefs in no cases will someone claim
it explains their own beliefs I'm likely guilty of this too it feels effortless to diagnose others
with biases and fallacies but excruciatingly hard to diagnose oneself as the famed decision theorist
Daniel caraman quipped I've studied cognitive biases my whole life and I'm no better a
t avoiding
them this is not to say that educ ation is futile learning can help to limit motivated reasoning
but only if it's accompanied by a deeper kind of development that of one's character motivated
reasoning occurs when we place our intelligence and learning into the service of irrational
goals the root of the problem is therefore not our intelligence or learning but our goals
most goals of thinking are not to reach objective truth but to justify what we wish to believe
there is only
one thing that can motivate us to put our intellig into the service of objective
truth and that is curiosity it was curiosity that was found by kahan's research to be the strongest
countermeasure against bias but how do we make ourselves curious is it even possible good news
if you're watching this you're probably quite curious already but there's something you can do
to supercharge your curiosity enter the Curiosity Zone basically curiosity is the desire to fill
gaps in knowledge and as su
ch curiosity occurs not when you know nothing about something but when
you know a bit about it so learn a little about as much as you can and this will create itches
that will spare you to learn even more curiosity is essential to directing your intellect toward
objective truth but it's not all you need you must also have humility this is because the source of
our strongest biases is our ego we often base our selfworth on being intelligent and being right and
this makes us not want to admit
when we get things wrong or to change our mind and so in order to
protect our chosen identity we stay wrong if you define yourself worth by your ability to reason
if you cling to the identity of a master debater then admitting to being wrong will hurt you and
you'll do all you can to avoid it which will stop you learning so instead of defining Yourself
by your ability to reason Define Yourself by your willingness to learn then admitting you're
wrong instead of feeling like an attack will b
ecome an opportunity for growth anyone who's
sure they're humble is probably not so I can't say whether I've succeeded in becoming humble but
I can say that I always try to be humble and well there's little difference between trying to be
humble and actually being so for me trying to be humble entails the constant interrogation of my
own motives could my most cherished belief be a fib why do I really believe what I believe what
are the reasons beside reason could I have my self-questioning
makes me agonize over every word
I write but in the long term my hesitancy gives me confidence for by being careful about what
I think I develop trust in my thoughts humility and curiosity then are what we most need to find
Truth by seeking one we also seek the other being curious makes us humble because it shows us how
little we know and in turn being humble makes us curious because it helps us acknowledge that we
need to know more in in the end rationality is not about intelligence but ab
out character without
the right personal qualities more education won't make you a master of your biases it'll only make
you a better servant of them so be open to the possibility that you may be wrong and always
be willing to change your mind especially if you're smart by being humble and curious you may
not win many arguments but it won't matter for even losing arguments will become a victory that
moves you toward the far grander prize of Truth thanks for tuning into this episode of after
skool
if you found this subject interesting and want more consider checking out my other writings
at gender. substack.com the link is in the [Music] description
Comments
George Orwell said "Some ideas are so stupid only an intellectual would believe them."
"Knowledge is knowing that a tomato is a fruit. Wisdom is knowing Not to put it in a fruit salad." - Brian O'Driscoll
"Without the right personal qualities, more education won't make you a master of your biases, it will only make you a better servant of them." Wow! That is so well said!
“Once you can sincerely say, ‘I don’t know’ then it becomes possible to get at the truth.” (Robert A. Heinlein)
We need to stop conflating educated with smart
Intelligence is overrated, while honesty is underrated.
Carl Sagan's message was spot on. Question everything. Encourage children to question all they are taught. It's not about right and wrong. It's about the process of asking why something is the way it is. Ignore those that ridicule you for asking "stupid" questions. Question every part of your reality, and do the legwork to find your own answers. Everything else is a distraction to keep you complacent.
My grandfather dropped out of high school, joined the Navy, got a job working in a nuclear reactor after the Navy, did that for 10 years then became the head of maintenance for a massive corporation and retired nicely. The smartest man I have ever known and he didn't even have a diploma or GED. Dude could fix anything. Fro. Reactor parts to small engines to framing a house to tile work. Just built different.
Just because someone is smart, it doesn't mean they are wise.
“Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn't go away.” ― Philip K. Dick
Long, long ago now my mom warned me about educated fools. Best advice EVER.
My granfather was a veteran of WW2,and a Mayor in the UK. when imparting his wisdom,he said always question the middle word in life and always remember there are no pockets in shrouds, words that stuck. A heartfelt thank you to After Skool for your time and effort for your content. Its very much appreciated.
Our modern education system stifles curiosity. When I was in school, in the 1970's, we were taught to question everything, if not by our teachers, by our peers. This was an off-shoot of the 1960's, where "question authority" was a mantra. I find that young people now have little curiosity to question what they are taught. This is a credit, and I mean that negatively, to our educational system, where they have learned to prey on young people's naivety and idealism. As a result, maturity and common sense has been delayed and sometimes completely shut down in millions of people.
"Winning arguments" versus "discerning truth". Well said.
As my dad would often say when things went tits up, "you gotta be pretty smart to do something that stupid." Or another of his favorites, "you know just enough to get all the way into trouble but only halfway out."
This is a BRILLIANT summary of what is broken and why. Should be required viewing for discussion in EVERY public funded educational institution .
You reminded me of what Theodore Roosevelt said about thieves. He said, "A man who has never gone to school may steal from a freight car; but if he has a university education, he may steal the whole railroad".
“A mind is like a parachute. It doesn't work if it is not open.”
Man, this video verbalises the thing that has probably bothered me the most about society for years. There's nothing that makes me more depressed than an obviously irrational belief becoming "truth" for many people (myself not excluded) because it can be useful to be wrong at times. If I could change one thing about human nature, it would be the tendency for this to happen. This would've almost immediately transformed our society into something much better.
I've built a significant potion of my adult identity on the label of "integrity". I espouse it as unique and the most important part of who I am. A little over a year ago, I made a mistake at work, and I had an opportunity to lie about it when confronted by that mistake. As I was known as honest and trustworthy, I could have gotten away with it. However, in that moment the words slipped out of me as easy as water, and I admitted to my fault. It is a very strange feeling to knowingly admitting to your mistakes and faults when there is real loss on the line. I'd lost the confidence of a person I considered a friend through my carelessness. All that to say that I understand the need for people to lie. They lie to other people, and then they lie to themselves to mask the guilt of the initial lie to avoid pain and fear. The West is full of liars, and they are so wrapped up in the lies they tell the world that they believe them and live a in a world built on very shaky ground. They get violent when someone shakes those foundations because of the fear of it all crumbling around them.